Graphical manager - virt-manager
Add permanent packet forwarding to kernel conf
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echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf
Add a bridge manually with brctl (bridge-utils in debian).
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brctl addbr br0
brctl stp br0 off
# forward delay
brctl setfd br0 0
# lower value = higher priority
brctl setbridgeprio br0 0
Need to add vnet0 to bridge_ports after startup of VM to reach VM
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brtcl addif br0 vnet0
Permanent: edit host's /etc/network/interfaces
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#set up a bridge and give it a static ip
auto br0
iface br0 inet static
address 192.168.1.2
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.1.0
broadcast 192.168.1.255
gateway 192.168.1.1
bridge_ports eth0
# need to add vnet0 to bridge_ports after startup of VM to reach VM
# brtcl addif br0 vnet0
bridge_stp off
bridge_fd 0
# bridge_maxwait only? needed for networking.service
bridge_maxwait 0
nameserver 8.8.8.8
#post-up /etc/network/if-up.d/tc_br0.sh
and bring it up for testing using ifup, in which case:
check that gateway is not mentioned twice in /etc/network/interfaces
careful, may need to flush host IP, routes, etc to bring up the bridge on the host with ifup on debian.
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ip addr flush dev eth0
ifup br0
Contents of my traffic shaping script tc_br0.sh, commented out in the above example interfaces file. Make sure to make it executable if planning to use it. Using Fair Queueing Controlled Delay. Some reasoning behind this from the Arch Linux wiki.
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#!/bin/sh
#tc qdisc del root dev br0
#tc qdisc show dev br0
/sbin/tc qdisc add dev br0 root fq_codel
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virsh list --all
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virsh edit vm_name
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virsh setvcpus vm_name vcpu_count --config --maximum
virsh setvcpus vm_name vcpu_count --config
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virsh setmaxmem vm_name memsize --config
virsh setmem vm_name memsize --config
You can set the vCPU and memory while the VM is running with --current instead of --config, but the new numbers have to be within the maximum values already set. You can not set these maximum numbers while the VM is running. You will have to shutdown the VM.
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virsh shutdown vm_name
Change the max memory or CPU count and start it again.
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virsh start vm_name
Menu driven CLI utility
Use
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--location
to use
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--extra-args
or
use
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--cdrom=/home/isos/debian9.iso
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# virt-install \
--name debian9 \
--description "VM with debian 9" \
--os-type=linux \
--os-variant=debian9 \
--ram=2048 \
--vcpus=2 \
--disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/debian9.img,bus=virtio,size=10 \
--graphics none \
--location http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/dists/stretch/main/installer-amd64/ \
--network bridge=br0 \
--console pty,target_type=serial \
--extra-args 'console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'
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virt-clone --connect=qemu://example.com/system -o vm_old_source -n vm_new_dest --auto-clone
To connect to the console of the virtual machine use the following command. You can use “ctrl + ]” to exit out of the VM console.
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virsh console vm_name
Setting up access to a VM’s console is no different than a physical server, where you simply add the proper kernel boot parameters to the VM.
To add serial console on a Debian 9 VM (Grub2), edit
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#/etc/default/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="console=ttyS0 console=tty0,115200n8 serial"
GRUB_TERMINAL=serial
GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND="serial --unit=0 --speed=115200 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1"
run
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update-grub
and reboot the VM.
Default console speed is 9600 baud
Minicom is an easy to use serial communication program.
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minicom -D /dev/ttyS0
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qemu-img info /var/lib/libvirt/images/disk.img
virtual.sh
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virt-install --connect=qemu:///system \
--name debian9 \
--description "debian9 test KVM" \
--os-type=linux \
--os-variant=debian9 \
--ram=4096 \
--vcpus=4 \
--graphics none \
--location http://httpredir.debian.org/debian/dists/stretch/main/installer-amd64/ \
--network bridge=br0 \
--initrd-inject=/home/diabloid/virt/preseed.cfg \
--extra-args 'auto' \
--disk=pool=virt,size=20,format=qcow2,bus=virtio
# --extra-args 'console=ttyS0,115200n8 serial'
# graphics options: spice; none; vnc,password=foobar
### The name preseed.cfg is mandatory for debian installer d-i to pick it up
preseed.cfg
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#### Contents of the preconfiguration file (for stretch)
### Localization
# Preseeding only locale sets language, country and locale.
#d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US
# The values can also be preseeded individually for greater flexibility.
d-i debian-installer/language string en
d-i debian-installer/country string EE
d-i debian-installer/locale string en_GB.UTF-8
# Optionally specify additional locales to be generated.
d-i localechooser/supported-locales multiselect en_US.UTF-8, et_EE.UTF-8
# Keyboard selection.
#d-i keyboard-configuration/xkb-keymap select et
d-i keyboard-configuration/xkb-keymap select us(dvorak)
#d-i keyboard-configuration/variant select standard
d-i keyboard-configuration/toggle select No toggling
#d-i keyboard-configuration/variantcode string dvorak
### Network configuration
# Disable network configuration entirely. This is useful for cdrom
# installations on non-networked devices where the network questions,
# warning and long timeouts are a nuisance.
#d-i netcfg/enable boolean false
# netcfg will choose an interface that has link if possible. This makes it
# skip displaying a list if there is more than one interface.
d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto
# To pick a particular interface instead:
#d-i netcfg/choose_interface select eth1
# To set a different link detection timeout (default is 3 seconds).
# Values are interpreted as seconds.
#d-i netcfg/link_wait_timeout string 10
# If you have a slow dhcp server and the installer times out waiting for
# it, this might be useful.
#d-i netcfg/dhcp_timeout string 60
#d-i netcfg/dhcpv6_timeout string 60
# If you prefer to configure the network manually, uncomment this line and
# the static network configuration below.
d-i netcfg/disable_autoconfig boolean true
# If you want the preconfiguration file to work on systems both with and
# without a dhcp server, uncomment these lines and the static network
# configuration below.
#d-i netcfg/dhcp_failed note
#d-i netcfg/dhcp_options select Configure network manually
# Static network configuration.
#
# IPv4 example
d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string 192.168.1.23
d-i netcfg/get_netmask string 255.255.255.0
d-i netcfg/get_gateway string 192.168.1.1
d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string 192.168.1.1
d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true
#
# IPv6 example
#d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string fc00::2
#d-i netcfg/get_netmask string ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
#d-i netcfg/get_gateway string fc00::1
#d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string fc00::1
#d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true
# Any hostname and domain names assigned from dhcp take precedence over
# values set here. However, setting the values still prevents the questions
# from being shown, even if values come from dhcp.
d-i netcfg/get_hostname string debian9
d-i netcfg/get_domain string site.lan
# If you want to force a hostname, regardless of what either the DHCP
# server returns or what the reverse DNS entry for the IP is, uncomment
# and adjust the following line.
#d-i netcfg/hostname string somehost
# Disable that annoying WEP key dialog.
d-i netcfg/wireless_wep string
# The wacky dhcp hostname that some ISPs use as a password of sorts.
#d-i netcfg/dhcp_hostname string radish
# If non-free firmware is needed for the network or other hardware, you can
# configure the installer to always try to load it, without prompting. Or
# change to false to disable asking.
#d-i hw-detect/load_firmware boolean true
### Network console
# Use the following settings if you wish to make use of the network-console
# component for remote installation over SSH. This only makes sense if you
# intend to perform the remainder of the installation manually.
#d-i anna/choose_modules string network-console
#d-i network-console/authorized_keys_url string http://10.0.0.1/openssh-key
#d-i network-console/password password r00tme
#d-i network-console/password-again password r00tme
### Mirror settings
# If you select ftp, the mirror/country string does not need to be set.
#d-i mirror/protocol string ftp
d-i mirror/country string manual
d-i mirror/http/hostname string ftp.se.debian.org
d-i mirror/http/directory string /debian
d-i mirror/http/proxy string
# Suite to install.
#d-i mirror/suite string testing
# Suite to use for loading installer components (optional).
#d-i mirror/udeb/suite string testing
### Account setup
# Skip creation of a root account (normal user account will be able to
# use sudo).
d-i passwd/root-login boolean false
# Alternatively, to skip creation of a normal user account.
#d-i passwd/make-user boolean false
# Root password, either in clear text
#d-i passwd/root-password password r00tme
#d-i passwd/root-password-again password r00tme
# or encrypted using a crypt(3) hash.
#d-i passwd/root-password-crypted password [crypt(3) hash]
# To create a normal user account.
d-i passwd/user-fullname string siteadmin
d-i passwd/username string siteadmin
# Normal user's password, either in clear text
#d-i passwd/user-password password insecure
#d-i passwd/user-password-again password insecure
# or encrypted using a crypt(3) hash.
d-i passwd/user-password-crypted password $6$KmsFpIlvPKeDVp5I$vU5/ydWNa93q2sxkgxQqjFhBBvAOgKhRgcbNiP07wrM3bEcjGsu7qkLSlO0vXo3JMMM4NcEPRAaIVdzJeRJj2.
# Create the first user with the specified UID instead of the default.
#d-i passwd/user-uid string 1010
# The user account will be added to some standard initial groups. To
# override that, use this.
#d-i passwd/user-default-groups string audio cdrom video
### Clock and time zone setup
# Controls whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC.
d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true
# You may set this to any valid setting for $TZ; see the contents of
# /usr/share/zoneinfo/ for valid values.
d-i time/zone string Europe/Tallinn
# Controls whether to use NTP to set the clock during the install
d-i clock-setup/ntp boolean true
# NTP server to use. The default is almost always fine here.
#d-i clock-setup/ntp-server string ntp.example.com
### Partitioning
## Partitioning example
# If the system has free space you can choose to only partition that space.
# This is only honoured if partman-auto/method (below) is not set.
#d-i partman-auto/init_automatically_partition select biggest_free
# Alternatively, you may specify a disk to partition. If the system has only
# one disk the installer will default to using that, but otherwise the device
# name must be given in traditional, non-devfs format (so e.g. /dev/sda
# and not e.g. /dev/discs/disc0/disc).
# For example, to use the first SCSI/SATA hard disk:
#d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda
# In addition, you'll need to specify the method to use.
# The presently available methods are:
# - regular: use the usual partition types for your architecture
# - lvm: use LVM to partition the disk
# - crypto: use LVM within an encrypted partition
d-i partman-auto/method string lvm
# If one of the disks that are going to be automatically partitioned
# contains an old LVM configuration, the user will normally receive a
# warning. This can be preseeded away...
d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true
# The same applies to pre-existing software RAID array:
d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true
# And the same goes for the confirmation to write the lvm partitions.
d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true
d-i partman-lvm/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
# You can choose one of the three predefined partitioning recipes:
# - atomic: all files in one partition
# - home: separate /home partition
# - multi: separate /home, /var, and /tmp partitions
#d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic
# Or provide a recipe of your own...
# If you have a way to get a recipe file into the d-i environment, you can
# just point at it.
#d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe_file string /hd-media/recipe
# If not, you can put an entire recipe into the preconfiguration file in one
# (logical) line. This example creates a small /boot partition, suitable
# swap, and uses the rest of the space for the root partition:
d-i partman-auto-lvm/new_vg_name string site_vg
d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \
boot-root :: \
512 1000000000 512 ext4 \
$primary{ } \
$bootable{ } \
method{ format } format{ } \
use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext4 } \
options/noatime{ noatime } \
mountpoint{ /boot } \
label{ site_boot } \
. \
6144 10240 10240 ext4 \
$lvmok{ } \
method{ format } format{ } \
use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext4 } \
reserved_for_root{ 5 } \
options/relatime{ relatime } \
mountpoint{ / } \
label{ site_root } \
. \
2048 1024 4096 ext4 \
$lvmok{ } \
method{ format } format{ } \
use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext4 } \
reserved_for_root{ 5 } \
options/relatime{ relatime } \
mountpoint{ /var/log } \
label{ site_var_log } \
. \
# 2048 2048 102400 ext4 \
# $lvmok{ } \
# method{ format } format{ } \
# use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext4 } \
# mountpoint{ /var/lib/mysql } \
# reserved_for_root{ 2 } \
# label{ site_var_lib_mysql } \
# . \
# 1024 2048 102400 ext4 \
# $lvmok{ } \
# method{ format } format{ } \
# use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext4 } \
# mountpoint{ /srv } \
# reserved_for_root{ 1 } \
# label{ site_srv } \
# . \
# 2048 2048 100% linux-swap \
2048 2048 2048 linux-swap \
$lvmok{ } \
method{ swap } format{ } \
label{ swap01 } \
.
# The full recipe format is documented in the file partman-auto-recipe.txt
# included in the 'debian-installer' package or available from D-I source
# repository. This also documents how to specify settings such as file
# system labels, volume group names and which physical devices to include
# in a volume group.
# This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation, provided
# that you told it what to do using one of the methods above.
d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
# When disk encryption is enabled, skip wiping the partitions beforehand.
#d-i partman-auto-crypto/erase_disks boolean false
## Partitioning using RAID
# The method should be set to "raid".
#d-i partman-auto/method string raid
# Specify the disks to be partitioned. They will all get the same layout,
# so this will only work if the disks are the same size.
#d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda /dev/sdb
# Next you need to specify the physical partitions that will be used.
#d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \
# multiraid :: \
# 1000 5000 4000 raid \
# $primary{ } method{ raid } \
# . \
# 64 512 300% raid \
# method{ raid } \
# . \
# 500 10000 1000000000 raid \
# method{ raid } \
# .
# Last you need to specify how the previously defined partitions will be
# used in the RAID setup. Remember to use the correct partition numbers
# for logical partitions. RAID levels 0, 1, 5, 6 and 10 are supported;
# devices are separated using "#".
# Parameters are:
# <raidtype> <devcount> <sparecount> <fstype> <mountpoint> \
# <devices> <sparedevices>
#d-i partman-auto-raid/recipe string \
# 1 2 0 ext3 / \
# /dev/sda1#/dev/sdb1 \
# . \
# 1 2 0 swap - \
# /dev/sda5#/dev/sdb5 \
# . \
# 0 2 0 ext3 /home \
# /dev/sda6#/dev/sdb6 \
# .
# For additional information see the file partman-auto-raid-recipe.txt
# included in the 'debian-installer' package or available from D-I source
# repository.
# This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation.
d-i partman-md/confirm boolean true
d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
## Controlling how partitions are mounted
# The default is to mount by UUID, but you can also choose "traditional" to
# use traditional device names, or "label" to try filesystem labels before
# falling back to UUIDs.
#d-i partman/mount_style select uuid
### Base system installation
# Configure APT to not install recommended packages by default. Use of this
# option can result in an incomplete system and should only be used by very
# experienced users.
#d-i base-installer/install-recommends boolean false
# The kernel image (meta) package to be installed; "none" can be used if no
# kernel is to be installed.
#d-i base-installer/kernel/image string linux-image-686
d-i base-installer/kernel/image string linux-image-amd64
### Apt setup
# You can choose to install non-free and contrib software.
#d-i apt-setup/non-free boolean true
#d-i apt-setup/contrib boolean true
# Uncomment this if you don't want to use a network mirror.
#d-i apt-setup/use_mirror boolean false
# Select which update services to use; define the mirrors to be used.
# Values shown below are the normal defaults.
#d-i apt-setup/services-select multiselect security, updates
d-i apt-setup/services-select multiselect security, updates, nonfree, contrib
#d-i apt-setup/security_host string security.debian.org
# Additional repositories, local[0-9] available
#d-i apt-setup/local0/repository string \
# http://local.server/debian stable main
#d-i apt-setup/local0/comment string local server
# Enable deb-src lines
#d-i apt-setup/local0/source boolean true
# URL to the public key of the local repository; you must provide a key or
# apt will complain about the unauthenticated repository and so the
# sources.list line will be left commented out
#d-i apt-setup/local0/key string http://local.server/key
# By default the installer requires that repositories be authenticated
# using a known gpg key. This setting can be used to disable that
# authentication. Warning: Insecure, not recommended.
#d-i debian-installer/allow_unauthenticated boolean true
# Uncomment this to add multiarch configuration for i386
#d-i apt-setup/multiarch string i386
### Package selection
#tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, web-server, kde-desktop
tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard
### keyboard for console configuration
# console-data
# don't touch
#console-common console-data/keymap/policy select Don't touch keymap
#console-data console-data/keymap/policy select Don't touch keymap
# select
console-common console-data/keymap/policy select Select keymap from arch list
console-data console-data/keymap/policy select Select keymap from arch list
#
# keyboard layouts
####console-data console-data/keymap/qwerty/estonian/standard select
####console-data console-data/keymap/dvorak/us/standard/keymap select
####console-data console-data/keymap/dvorak/layout select
###console-data console-data/keymap/layout select dvorak
###console-data console-data/keymap/dvorak/layout select standard
##qwerty ET
#console-data console-data/keymap/qwerty/layout select ET estonian
#console-data console-data/keymap/family select qwerty
#console-common console-data/keymap/family select qwerty
#dvorak US
console-data console-data/keymap/dvorak/layout select US american
console-data console-data/keymap/family select dvorak
console-common console-data/keymap/family select dvorak
# Individual additional packages to install
d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server sudo aptitude tmux mc vim tmux wget w3m rsync ncdu bzip2 zip mlocate net-tools ntpdate dnsutils iftop iotop ethtool debian-goodies console-data debconf-utils exim4-daemon-light
# Whether to upgrade packages after debootstrap.
# Allowed values: none, safe-upgrade, full-upgrade
d-i pkgsel/upgrade select safe-upgrade
# Some versions of the installer can report back on what software you have
# installed, and what software you use. The default is not to report back,
# but sending reports helps the project determine what software is most
# popular and include it on CDs.
popularity-contest popularity-contest/participate boolean false
### Boot loader installation
# Grub is the default boot loader (for x86). If you want lilo installed
# instead, uncomment this:
#d-i grub-installer/skip boolean true
# To also skip installing lilo, and install no bootloader, uncomment this
# too:
#d-i lilo-installer/skip boolean true
# This is fairly safe to set, it makes grub install automatically to the MBR
# if no other operating system is detected on the machine.
d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true
# This one makes grub-installer install to the MBR if it also finds some other
# OS, which is less safe as it might not be able to boot that other OS.
d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean false
# Due notably to potential USB sticks, the location of the MBR can not be
# determined safely in general, so this needs to be specified:
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string /dev/sda
# To install to the first device (assuming it is not a USB stick):
d-i grub-installer/bootdev string default
# Alternatively, if you want to install to a location other than the mbr,
# uncomment and edit these lines:
#d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean false
#d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean false
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,1)
# To install grub to multiple disks:
#d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,1) (hd1,1) (hd2,1)
# Optional password for grub, either in clear text
#d-i grub-installer/password password r00tme
#d-i grub-installer/password-again password r00tme
# or encrypted using an MD5 hash, see grub-md5-crypt(8).
#d-i grub-installer/password-crypted password [MD5 hash]
# Use the following option to add additional boot parameters for the
# installed system (if supported by the bootloader installer).
# Note: options passed to the installer will be added automatically.
#d-i debian-installer/add-kernel-opts string nousb
### Finishing up the installation
# During installations from serial console, the regular virtual consoles
# (VT1-VT6) are normally disabled in /etc/inittab. Uncomment the next
# line to prevent this.
#d-i finish-install/keep-consoles boolean true
### skip some annoying installation status notes
# Avoid that last message about the install being complete.
d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note
# Avoid the introductory message.
base-config base-config/intro note
# Avoid the final message.
base-config base-config/login note
# This will prevent the installer from ejecting the CD during the reboot,
# which is useful in some situations.
#d-i cdrom-detect/eject boolean false
# This is how to make the installer shutdown when finished, but not
# reboot into the installed system.
#d-i debian-installer/exit/halt boolean true
# This will power off the machine instead of just halting it.
#d-i debian-installer/exit/poweroff boolean true
### Preseeding other packages
# Depending on what software you choose to install, or if things go wrong
# during the installation process, it's possible that other questions may
# be asked. You can preseed those too, of course. To get a list of every
# possible question that could be asked during an install, do an
# installation, and then run these commands:
# debconf-get-selections --installer > file
# debconf-get-selections >> file
###### Mailer configuration.
# During a normal install, exim asks only two questions. Here's how to
# avoid even those. More complicated preseeding is possible.
#exim4-config exim4/dc_eximconfig_configtype select no configuration at this time
# It's a good idea to set this to whatever user account you choose to
# create. Leaving the value blank results in postmaster mail going to
# /var/mail/mail.
exim4-config exim4/dc_postmaster string siteadmin
# Use the single /etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template conf format / don't use split conf.
#To update conf: # man update-exim4.conf
exim4-config exim4/use_split_config boolean false
exim4-config exim4/dc_localdelivery select mbox format in /var/mail/
## Reconfigure exim4-config instead of this package
#exim4-base exim4-base/drec error
#exim4-config exim4/no_config boolean true
## Reconfigure exim4-config instead of this package
#exim4 exim4/drec error
#exim4-config exim4/dc_relay_domains string
#exim4-config exim4/dc_minimaldns boolean false
#exim4-config exim4/dc_readhost string
#exim4-config exim4/mailname string debian9.local
#exim4-config exim4/dc_relay_nets string
#exim4-base exim4/purge_spool boolean false
exim4-config exim4/dc_local_interfaces string 127.0.0.1 ; ::1
#exim4-config exim4/hide_mailname boolean
## Reconfigure exim4-config instead of this package
#exim4-daemon-light exim4-daemon-light/drec error
exim4-config exim4/dc_eximconfig_configtype select local delivery only; not on a network
#exim4-config exim4/dc_smarthost string
#exim4-config exim4/dc_other_hostnames string debian9.local
exim4-config exim4/dc_postmaster string siteadmin
#### Advanced options
### Running custom commands during the installation
# d-i preseeding is inherently not secure. Nothing in the installer checks
# for attempts at buffer overflows or other exploits of the values of a
# preconfiguration file like this one. Only use preconfiguration files from
# trusted locations! To drive that home, and because it's generally useful,
# here's a way to run any shell command you'd like inside the installer,
# automatically.
# This first command is run as early as possible, just after
# preseeding is read.
#d-i preseed/early_command string anna-install some-udeb
# This command is run immediately before the partitioner starts. It may be
# useful to apply dynamic partitioner preseeding that depends on the state
# of the disks (which may not be visible when preseed/early_command runs).
#d-i partman/early_command \
# string debconf-set partman-auto/disk "$(list-devices disk | head -n1)"
# This command is run just before the install finishes, but when there is
# still a usable /target directory. You can chroot to /target and use it
# directly, or use the apt-install and in-target commands to easily install
# packages and run commands in the target system.
#d-i preseed/late_command string apt-install zsh; in-target chsh -s /bin/zsh
### There can be only one!... preseed late_command
d-i preseed/late_command string wget ftp://ftpsecure:foobar@192.168.1.10/debian-postinstall.sh -O /target/root/debian-postinstall.sh; chown root:root /target/root/debian-postinstall.sh; chmod 750 /target/root/debian-postinstall.sh